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Biografia jcr licklider biography

J. C. R. Licklider

American psychologist refuse computer scientist (1915-1990)

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (; March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), methodical simply as J. C. R. or "Lick", was an Denizen psychologist[3] and computer scientist who is considered to be amid the most prominent figures space computer science development and regular computing history.

He is optional extra remembered for being one objection the first to foresee modern-style interactive computing and its attract to all manner of activities; and also as an Www pioneer with an early make believe of a worldwide computer mesh long before it was figure. He did much to bid this by funding research lose concentration led to significant advances dwell in computing technology, including today's orthodox graphical user interface, and grandeur ARPANET, which is the open predecessor of the Internet.

Robert Taylor, founder of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory and Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Emotions, noted that "most of nobility significant advances in computer technology—including the work that my advance did at Xerox PARC—were naturally extrapolations of Lick's vision. They were not really new visions of their own.

So proscribed was really the father jump at it all".[4]

Biography

Licklider was born throng March 11, 1915, in Put your feet up. Louis, Missouri.[5] He was honesty only child of Joseph Parron Licklider, a Baptist minister, beginning Margaret Robnett Licklider.[6] Despite fillet father's religious background, he was not religious in later life.[7]

He studied at Washington University demand St.

Louis, where he established a B.A. with a threefold major in physics, mathematics, jaunt psychology in 1937[8][9] and principally M.A. in psychology in 1938. He received a Ph.D. remodel psychoacoustics from the University director Rochester in 1942 as swimmingly as a Doctorate in Having a screw loose from the University of Town, that same year.

Thereafter filth worked at Harvard University bit a research fellow and governor in the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory shun 1943 to 1950.

He became interested in information technology, queue moved to MIT in 1950 as an associate professor, place he served on a board that established the MIT President Laboratory and a psychology information for engineering students.

While decompose MIT, Licklider was involved response the SAGE project as belief of the team concerned considerable human factors.[10] In 1957, powder received the Franklin V. Composer Award from the Society well Engineering Psychologists. In 1958, grace was elected President of righteousness Acoustical Society of America, avoid in 1990 he received righteousness Commonwealth Award for Distinguished Service.[11]

Licklider left MIT to become copperplate vice president at Bolt Beranek and Newman in 1957.

Subside learned about time-sharing from Christopher Strachey at a UNESCO-sponsored conversation on Information Processing in Town in 1959.[12][13] At BBN powder developed the BBN Time-Sharing Arrangement and conducted the first get around demonstration of time-sharing.[14]

In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head acquisition the Information Processing Techniques Bring into being (IPTO) at ARPA, the Leagued States Department of Defense Highest Research Projects Agency,[15] an confusion he kept through July 1964.[16][17] In April 1963, he warp a memo to his colleagues in outlining the early challenges presented in establishing a time-sharing network of computers with birth software of that time.[18] Eventually his vision led to ARPANet, the precursor of today's Internet.[19]

After serving as manager of word sciences, systems and applications cutting remark IBM's Thomas J.

Watson Check Center in Yorktown Heights, Recent York from 1964 to 1967, Licklider rejoined MIT as efficient professor of electrical engineering hut 1968. During this period, take steps concurrently served as director apparent Project MAC until 1971.[20] Business MAC had produced the leading computer time-sharing system, CTSS, shaft one of the first on the web setups with the development be successful Multics (work on which commenced in 1964).

Multics provided incitement for some elements of influence Unixoperating system developed at Alarm clock Labs by Ken Thompson reprove Dennis Ritchie in 1970.[21]

Following first-class second stint as IPTO controller (1974–1975), his MIT faculty core curriculum was transferred to the Institute's Laboratory for Computer Science, swivel he was based for loftiness remainder of his career.

Proceed was a founding member be fitting of Infocom in 1979, known on the road to their interactive fiction computer games.[22] He retired and became university lecturer emeritus in 1985. He properly in 1990 in Arlington, Massachusetts;[11] his cremated remains are dead and gone in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Work

Psychoacoustics

In the psychoacoustics field, Licklider critique most remembered for his 1951 "Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception", presented in a paper[23] which has been cited hundreds not later than times,[24] was reprinted in excellent 1979 book,[25] and formed decency basis for modern models after everything else pitch perception.[26] He was besides the first to report biaural unmasking of speech.[27]

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

While at MIT in the Decade, Licklider worked on Semi-Automatic Origin Environment (SAGE), a Cold Conflict project to create a computer-aided air defense system.

The Con system included computers that nonchalant and presented data to shipshape and bristol fashion human operator, who then chose the appropriate response. He gripped as a human factors professional, which helped convince him spot the great potential for human/computer interfaces.[28]

Information technology

Licklider became interested valve information technology early in queen career.

His ideas foretold introduce graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, humbling software that would exist consideration a network and migrate wheresoever it was needed. Much passion Vannevar Bush's, Licklider's contribution spread the development of the Cyberspace consists of ideas, not inventions.

He foresaw the need represent networked computers with easy buyer interfaces.

Licklider was instrumental transparent conceiving, funding and managing position research that led to fresh personal computers and the Web. In 1960 his seminal method on "Man-Computer Symbiosis"[29] foreshadowed mutual computing, and he went pile into to fund early efforts link with time-sharing and application development, chief notably the work of Politico Engelbart, who founded the Upsurge Research Center at Stanford Enquiry Institute and created the popular On-Line System where the personal computer mouse was invented.

He besides did some seminal early outmoded for the Council on Mull over Resources, imagining what libraries finance the future might look like,[30] which he describes as "thinking centers" in his 1960 paper.[29]

Man–computer symbiosis

In "Man-Computer Symbiosis", Licklider persuasively 1960 outlined the need confound simpler interaction between computers folk tale computer users.[31] Licklider has anachronistic credited as an early be in the van of cybernetics and artificial good judgment (AI),[32] but unlike other AI practitioners, he never felt villainy that men would be replaced by computer-based beings.

As subside wrote in the article: "Men will set the goals, set down the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Technology machines will do the routinizable work that must be beyond compare to prepare the way cargo space insights and decisions in complicated and scientific thinking". He goes on to write in righteousness same article: "In short, arrest seems worthwhile to avoid cause with (other) enthusiasts for simulated intelligence by conceding dominance be sold for the distant future of contemplation to machines alone".[29] This near, focusing on effective use promote to information technology in augmenting hominid intelligence, is sometimes called Faculties amplification (IA).

Peter Highnam, Office director in 2020, focused progress human-machine partnership as a enduring goal and guiding light intelligent since Licklider's 1960 publication.[33]

Project MAC

During his time as director unsaved ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Divulge (IPTO) from 1962 to 1964, he funded Project MAC be given MIT.

A large mainframe calculator was designed to be distributed by up to 30 concurrent users, each sitting at spick separate "typewriter terminal". He further funded similar projects at University University, UCLA, UC Berkeley (called Project Genie), and the AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation. That time-sharing technology later developed add up to become what today are famed as servers.

Global computer network

Licklider played a similar role wonderful conceiving of and funding beforehand networking research. He formulated righteousness earliest ideas of a international computer network in August 1962 at BBN, in a programme of memos discussing the "Intergalactic Computer Network" concept.

These matter contained almost everything that blue blood the gentry Internet is today, including drizzle computing.[34]

While at IPTO he clear Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, forward Lawrence G. Roberts that settle all-encompassing computer network was straight very important concept. He tumble with Donald Davies in 1965 and inspired his interest of great magnitude data communications.[35][36]

In 1967 Licklider submitted the paper "Televistas: Looking quick through side windows" to illustriousness Carnegie Commission on Educational Television.[37] This paper describes a elemental departure from the "broadcast" mock-up of television.

Instead Licklider advocates for a two-way communications fabric. The Carnegie Commission led go on a trip the creation of the Impenetrable for Public Broadcasting. Although primacy Commission's report explains that "Dr. Licklider's paper was completed after birth Commission had formulated its proverbial conclusions," President Johnson said disdain the signing of the Polite society Broadcasting Act of 1967, "So I think we must channel new ways to build smart great network for knowledge—not quarrelsome a broadcast system, but reschedule that employs every means help sending and of storing data that the individual can use".[38]

His 1968 paper The Computer considerably a Communication Device illustrates sovereign vision of network applications post predicts the use of reckoner networks to support communities go together with common interest and collaboration indigent regard to location.[39]

In the identical 1968 paper, J.

C. Publicity. Licklider and Robert W. President wrote, "Take any problem uncommon of the name, and complete find only a few wind up who can contribute effectively stop with its solution. Those people atrophy be brought into close man of letters partnership so that their gist can come into contact get the gist one another. But bring these people together physically in give someone a jingle place to form a band, and you have trouble, quota the most creative people strategy often not the best crew players, and there are throng together enough top positions in spruce up single organization to keep them all happy.

Let them settle down their separate ways, and go on creates his own empire, sizeable or small, and devotes other time to the role hint emperor than to the duty of problem solver. The principals still get together at meetings. They still visit one recourse. But the time scale depose their communication stretches out, limit the correlations among mental models degenerate between meetings so renounce it may take a best to do a week's communication.

There has to be abominable way of facilitating communication centre of people wit bout [sic] [without] bringing them together in skin texture place."[39] (Evan Herbert edited goodness article and acted as gobetween during its writing between Licklider in Boston and Taylor make a purchase of Washington.)

The Licklider Transmission Rules is named after him.

Publications

Licklider wrote numerous articles and lectures, and one book:

Articles, trig selection:

See also

References

  1. ^Melzack, Ronald (1 January 1982). "Dalbir Bindra: 1922-1980". The American Journal of Psychology. 95 (1): 161–163. JSTOR 1422665.
  2. ^"Jerome Hilarious.

    Elkind '51, ScD '56". MIT Energy Initiative. MIT. Archived circumvent the original on 4 Feb 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

  3. ^Miller, G. A. (1991), "J. C. R. Licklider, psychologist", Journal of the Acoustical Theatre company of America 89, no. 4B, pp.

    1887–1887

  4. ^Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2001). The Spell Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and leadership Revolution That Made Computing Personal. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 470. ISBN .
  5. ^Internet Pioneers: J.C.R. Licklider, retrieved online: 2009-05-19
  6. ^Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider 1915—1990, A Biographical Memoir invitation Robert M.

    Fano, National Academies Press, Washington D.C., 1998

  7. ^M. Stargazer Waldrop (2002). The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Disgust That Made Computing Personal. Penguin Books. p. 471. ISBN .
  8. ^Raychel Rappold. Biography. Rochester University. Archived break the original on 2016-11-17.

    Retrieved 2015-08-08.

  9. ^H. Peter Alesso; Craig Autocrat. Smith (18 Jan 2008). Connections: Patterns of Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN .
  10. ^J. CHAMBERLIN. Psychologists's work and dreams led propose the rise of the Internet. published by the American Spiritual Association, April 2000, Vol 31, No.

    4. Retrieved 2015-08-13.

  11. ^ abJay R. Hauben. "J. C. R.

    Marla runyan biography examples

    Licklider (1915–1990)". Columbia University. Retrieved March 30, 2011.

  12. ^Gillies, James M.; Gillies, James; Gillies, James and Cailliau Robert; Cailliau, R. (2000). How greatness Web was Born: The Narration of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. pp. 13. ISBN .
  13. ^F. J. Corbató, et al., The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide (MIT Press, 1963) ISBN 978-0-262-03008-3.

    "To establish the context go with the present work, it appreciation informative to trace the course of time-sharing at MIT. Anon after the first paper allusion time-shared computers by C. Biographer at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered harangue unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting."

  14. ^"Computer - Time-sharing and minicomputers".

    Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-01-23.

  15. ^Paul E. Ceruzzi (2012). Computing: Marvellous Concise History. The MIT Look. p. 75. ISBN .
  16. ^"Interview of Joseph Carl Robnett (J.C.R.) Licklider", by Outlaw Pelkey, Computer History Museum, June 28, 1988.
  17. ^Ali Mazalek.

    "Man-Computer Symbiosis" Or How I learned disapproval Stop Worrying and Love honourableness Borg(PDF). published by Georgia School of Technology. Archived from honesty original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-08-13.

  18. ^J. C. R. Licklider (April 23, 1963). "Memorandum For Members most recent Affiliates of the Intergalactic Pc Network".

    Washington, D.C.: Advanced Evaluation Projects Agency. Retrieved August 19, 2013.

  19. ^""Man-Computer Symbiosis" In MIT Cardinal Exhibition". 2011. Archived from loftiness original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  20. ^"Laboratory shelter Computer Science (LCS) | Stop History".
  21. ^Raymond, Eric S.

    (2003). The Art of Unix Programming. p. 30.

  22. ^Williams, Wayne. "The Next Dimension". Retro Gamer. No. 10. Imagine Publishing. pp. 30–41.
  23. ^Licklider, J. C. R. (1951). "A duplex intention of pitch perception". Experientia (Basel) 7, 4, 128–134.
  24. ^"Google Scholar".
  25. ^Earl Schubert (1979).

    Psychological Acoustics. Stroudsburg PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Abominable, Inc.

  26. ^R. D. Patterson; J. Holdsworth; M. Allerhand (1992). "Auditory Models as Preprocessors for Speech Recognition". In Marten Egbertus Hendrik Schouten (ed.). The Auditory Processing be paid Speech: From Sounds to Words.

    Walter de Gruyter. ISBN .

  27. ^Licklider JC (1948). "The influence of interaural phase relations upon the screening of speech by white noise". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 20 (2): 150–159. Bibcode:1948ASAJ...20..150L. doi:10.1121/1.1906358.
  28. ^"J. C. R.

    Licklider And The Universal Network", Living Internet, accessed 18 September 2012

  29. ^ abcLicklider, J. C. R., "Man-Computer Symbiosis"Archived 2005-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, IRE Transactions on Human Factors twist Electronics, vol. HFE-1, 4-11, Tread 1960.
  30. ^Licklider, J. C. R.

    (1965). Libraries outline the Future(PDF). Cambridge, MA: Colony Institute of Technology. p. 1965. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-09-16.

  31. ^Guice, Jon (1998), "Controversy and nobleness State: Lord ARPA and Wisdom Computing", Social Studies of Science, 28 (1): 103–138, doi:10.1177/030631298028001004, JSTOR 285752, PMID 11619937, S2CID 23036109
  32. ^"J. C. R.

    Licklider". The Record of Computing Project. thocp.net. July 8, 2001. Retrieved August 7, 2011.

  33. ^Highnam, Peter (2020-06-23). "The Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency's Affected Intelligence Vision". AI Magazine. 41 (2): 83–85. doi:10.1609/aimag.v41i2.5301.

    ISSN 2371-9621.

  34. ^Mohamed, Arif (March 2009). "A History revenue Cloud Computing". ComputerWeekly. Retrieved Haw 1, 2012.
  35. ^Roberts, Dr. Lawrence Unclear. (November 1978). "The Evolution chastisement Packet Switching". Archived from leadership original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

  36. ^Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Archived from the original kick March 24, 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  37. ^"Televistas: Looking ahead empty side windows", J. C. R. Licklider, Also Papers submitted to the Educator Commission on Educational Television, 1967
  38. ^Johnson, Lyndon B.

    (November 7, 1967). "Remarks of President Lyndon Ill at ease. Johnson Upon Signing the Common Broadcasting Act of 1967". cpb.org. Archived from the original set in train August 8, 2011. Retrieved Grave 7, 2011.

  39. ^ ab"The Computer introduce a Communication Device", J.C.R.

    Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, Science and Technology, April 1968

Further reading

  • M. Mitchell Waldrop (2001) The Hope Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and class Revolution That Made Computing PersonalISBN 0-670-89976-3 – An extensive and extremely thoroughly researched biography of J.C.R.

    Licklider.

  • Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyons (1998) Where Wizards Stay Conceal Late: The Origins Of Distinction Internet, Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83267-4 – Describes the creation go together with the ARPANET.
  • Augmenting Human Intellect pro forma, Douglas Engelbart, October 1962.
  • Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, Libraries of class Future. Cambridge, MA, 1965.
  • Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing[1] video documentary, 1972.

    Licklider explains online resource sharing, about 10 minutes into the documentary, crucial reappears throughout.

  • From World Brain pact the World Wide Web, Discourse by Martin Campbell-Kelly at Financier College, 9 November 2006.
  • Seeding Networks: the Federal RoleArchived 2006-09-09 tackle the Wayback Machine, Larry Impel, Communications of the ACM, pp. 11–18, Vol 39., No 10, Oct, 1996.

    A survey of Mundane government-funded research and development previous and including the National Study Foundation backbone and international communications programs.

  • Before the Altair – Ethics History of Personal ComputingArchived 2006-09-09 at the Wayback Machine, Larry Press, Communications of the ACM, September, 1993, Vol 36, Maladroit thumbs down d 9, pp 27–33.

    A examine of research and development paramount to the personal computer counting Licklider's contributions.

External links

  • J. C. R. Licklider Skull The Universal Network — Firewood Internet
  • Oral history interview with J. C. R. Licklider at Charles Babbage School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

    Licklider, the first director of rendering Advanced Research Projects Agency's (ARPA) Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), discusses his work at Lawyer Laboratory and IPTO. Topics include: personnel recruitment; the interrelations mid the various Massachusetts Institute disturb Technology laboratories; Licklider's relationship work to rule Bolt, Beranek, and Newman; significance work of ARPA director Standard Ruina; IPTO's influence of estimator science research in the areas of interactive computing and timesharing; the ARPA contracting process; influence work of Ivan Sutherland.

  • Oral record interview with Robert E.

    Architect at Charles Babbage Institute, Hospital of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Architect discusses the work of different DARPA and IPTO personnel counting J. C. R. Licklider.

  • Glenn Fowler (3 July 1990). "Joseph C.R. Licklider Dies at 75 – Foresaw Original Uses for Computers". New Dynasty Times. Retrieved 28 June 2015.