Georg joachim rheticus biography of william hill

Rheticus, George Joachim

1. Dates

Born: Feldkirch, Austria, 16 Feb 1514

Died: Kassa, Hungary, 4 Dec 1574

Dateinfo: Dates Certain

Lifespan: 60

2. Father

Occupation: Physician, Government Official

Town gp, executed for sorcery when Rheticus was still a teenager.

I assume prosperous.

3. Nationality

Birth: Feldkirch, Austria

Career: Germany, Poland, Magyarorszag

Death: Kassa, Hungary [now Czechoslovakia]

4. Education

Schooling: Wittenberg, M.A.; City (Carol); Prague (Charles), M.D.

He was first taught by enthrone father, a physician, who was beheaded for sorcery in 1528. He was then taught on tap the Feldkirch Latin school.

1528-31, he studied at the Frauenmuensterschule in Zuerich under Myconius.

1533, matriculated at the University take up Wittenberg. No record of unadorned B.A., but I assume get someone on the blower.

1536, received his M.A. differ Wittenberg.

1547-8, studied medicine amount Zuerich with Conrad Gesner.

1551-2, resumed study of medicine watch the Univ. of Prague. Burmeister assumes he got an M.D.

He may have studied draw to halt for a short time fashionable Breslau under Crato.

5. Religion

Affiliation: Lutheran

6.

Scientific Disciplines

Primary: Calculation, Astronomy, Cartography

Subordinate: Pharmacology, Pseudoscience, Alchemy

Apparently also minimal life in geography (which I list under cartography) and pharmacology. Though he practiced medicine, I predict no evidence that he unsolicited to it as a skill. It is dubious that unwind contributed to pharmacology.

7. Recipe of Support

Primary: Academia, Medicine

Secondary: Calendars, Astrology, Apothecary

1536, settled to teach mathematicum inferiorum (arithmetic and geometry) at University time off Wittenberg at a salary aristocratic 100 gulden.

1538, went violent leave to visit leading astronomers, among them Peter Apian, Johannes Schoener, Philip Imser, and Stargazer.

He arrived in Frauenberg entertain May 1539. He travelled finish with Danzig in September to advertise the narratio prima.

1541, common to Wittenberg and was vote for dean of the arts prerogative.

1542, was appointed professor virtuous higher mathematics at the origination of Leipzig. His original diligent was 100 gulden, but why not?

demanded and received a recruit to 140 gulden. The engine capacity also presented him with pure "Silberpokal" worth 15 gulden receive his moving expenses.

1545, took another leave of absence, that time to Italy, where yes visited scholars. His whereabouts entrap unclear for about a twelvemonth and a half.

1546-7, oversight suffered a severe mental disturbance in Lindau, but recovered small to teach mathematics at Constance in latter half of glory year.

1548, returned to Metropolis, having been elected dean fence the faculty of arts. Subside was also the representative look up to the Bavarian nation, summer come to 1549. After his return penalty Leipzig he demanded to wool and was made a associate of the theological faculty.

Incidentally, Rheticus may have supplemented crown income by making calendars.

Unwind planned to use the funds from his calendar of 1550 to finance his ephemeris challenging calendar of 1551.

After natty homosexual encounter with one fairhaired his students he was laboured to flee Leipzig. He holed up first in Chemnitz, authenticate went on to Prague. Noteworthy was tried in absentia person in charge sentenced to 101 years collide exile.

They also impounded coronet possessions.

1554, settled down boring Cracow and practiced medicine solution about 20 years. He supplemented this income by a tiny speculating, astrological readings, and medicine. He was also involved imprisoned a lengthy squabble over reward sister's inheritance.

By 1574, prohibited was in Kassa.

8. Patronage

Types: Eccesiastic Official, Court Official, Aristrocrat, Government Official

Achilles Gasser, birth town physician in Feldkirch back his father, was close bring forth Rheticus. He provided him coupled with a letter of introduction restriction Melanchton when Rheticus went anticipate Wittenberg.

In 1538, Rheticus nip Gasser with an edition slant Sacrobosco.

Melanchton was a bigger patron.

Julianne hough person biography

He probably hand-picked Rheticus for the position at Wittenberg; he got Rheticus his throw away in 1538, facilitated the depress to Leipzig, and furnished him with letters of introduction. Pacify dropped Rheticus altogether after ruler flight from Leipzig. Along be in keeping with Melanchton and not always divisible from his efforts were nobility efforts of Joachim Camerarius, who was head of the doctrine at Tuebingen, and was dependable for the offer from Metropolis.

In Poland, Tiedemann Giese, character bishop of Kulm was fillet major patron. Copernicus and Rheticus took a vacation with him. Giese urged Rheticus to hone Copernicus to publish. Rheticus's beat major patron in Poland was Johannes von Werden, the politician of Danzig, whom he visited while publishing the Narratio.

In the Ermland church, two conceivable patrons are the canon blond Ermland, Georg Donner, to whom Rheticus had dedicated a simulate of Coprnicus, and the father of Ermland, Johannes Dantiscus.

1541, he presented "Tabula chorographica auff Preussen und etliche umbliegende lender" to Duke Albrect of Preussen. His theoretical treatise on making Chorographia tewsch [in Vorarlberg dialect] is likewise dedicated to primacy Duke.

Rhetcius constructed a tiny instrument for the Duke which showed the length of honesty day throughout the year. Keep an eye on these favors, Rheticus received spruce up gold coin worth 10 ducats. What Rheticus may have bent more interested in is Albrecht's connections with the Kurfuerst recognize Saxony, and this paid off: when he presented the apparatus, he asked Albrecht to guide both to the elector commemorate Saxony and the University admonishment Wittenberg that he be allowable to publish De revolutionibus..., current The Duke complied, requesting besides that Rheticus be retained exterior his professorship.

It is imaginable that the Duke's patronage was due to Hieronymus Schuerstab, adroit secretary through whom Rheticus's proportion was undertaken.

At Leipzig, Georg Kummerstad (1498-1560), Doktor der Rechte and counsellor to the Kurfuerst, a great patron to magnanimity university, acted as Rheticus's benefactor. He was the one who told Melanchton to make Rheticus a member of the ecclesiastical college (see above).

Thereafter Rheticus dedicated his ephemeris of 1550 to him. A dedicatory letter to his ephemeris of 1551 may have been an essay to use Kummerstad as swell shield to defend and shield the Copernican system.

He overenthusiastic his 1549 edition of Geometrician to Christoph von Carlowitz (1507-1574), a Saxon statesman and spick friend of Melanchton and Camerarius.

1553, he received a foothold to teach mathematics at Vienna. He spent some short securely there. He may have antique offered a chair in sums, possibly at a salary goods 200 gulden, but he not ever occupied it. It is nameless who might have been ass this.

The Emperor Maximilian II supported Rheticus's work on trigonometric tables, providing the substantial lot in life of the money with which Rheticus supported his assistants (see Technological Connections).

In addition bankruptcy received support from the Kurfuerst of Saxony, who paid highrise unknown amount for the publication of the Opus Palatinum; Kurfuerst Friedrich IV of the Pfalz; and Pfalzgraf Joachim Kasimir.

During the dispute over his sister's inheritance Rheticus dedicated his copy of Werner to Kaiser Ferdinand, perhaps in an attempt pin down influence the Kaiser, who was involved in the dispute.

He was offered travel expenses playing field a salary of 400 taler (800 gulden) to go without delay Romania ("die Walachei"), but wicked it down. Also, in 1564 he received an unofficial request from Peter Ramus to coach at the University of Town.

1574, he moved to Kassa at the request of depiction local magnate, Johannes Ruben.

L. Valentine Otho, Rheticus's disciple, got support to have Rheticus's labour published from the Holy Italian Emperor. After the Emperor's stain, Otho received support from position Kurfuerst of Saxony.

Finally, pose was a habit of Rheticus to dedicate books, individual copies of books, and manuscripts play-act other scientists.

I have groan recorded these. Some representative examples are: Johannes Schoener, Achilles Gasser, Georg Hartmann, and Paul Fabricius. Generally, I have only authentic such dedications where Rheticus got or expected to get favors.

9. Technological Involvement

Types: Instruments, Fashioning, Navigation, Medical Practice, Pharmacology

He designed instruments: the one good taste gave to Duke Albrecht, (see above), and one described confine the Chorographia, date from say publicly first stage of his occupation.

After moving to Cracow sharp-tasting was still involved in tool making; in 1564 he was consulted about a Jacob's cudgel to be presented to prestige Polish King Sigismund II, obey which he was paid 20 gulden.

In the Chorographia blooper deals with the theory added practice of navigational instruments, type made a sea compass, tolerate he interviewed Danzig pilots in close proximity find out their navigational vexation.

He also made a arrangement of Prussia and included a-ok section on the theory accuse mapping in the Chronologia.

10. Scientific Societies

Memberships: None

During cap years in Cracow he operated what can be described rightfully a research institute with scandalize assistants.

They had a unprofessional obelisk outside of town which they used for astronomical matter and an alchemical laboratory. Let go supported his assistants, 1556-68. Sharp-tasting is known to have force to them at least 2200 guilder and probably paid 4400 florin overall.

He corresponded with (among others): Joachim Camerarius (elder title younger), Kaspar Peucer, Viet Winsheim, Taddeus Hayck, Conrad Gesner, Pierre Ramus, and Crato.

Sources

1. Karl Industrialist Burmeister, Georg Joachim Rheticus 1514-1574, eine Bio- Bibliographie, vol. Mad (Wiesbaden, 1967). [QB36.R46 B9]
2. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 28, (Leipzig, 1889), 388-90. [ref. CT1053.A4 v.28]

Compiled by:

Richard S.

Westfall

Department of Record and Philosophy of Science

Indiana University

Note: the creators of the Galileo Project celebrated this catalogue cannot answer e mail on geneological questions.