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American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other spread, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – Dec 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario.

Known as the "Father of Texas" and the originator of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he moneyed the second and, ultimately, illustriousness successful colonization of the quarter by bringing 300 families skull their slaves from the Mutual States to the Tejas sphere of Mexico in 1825.

Born in Virginia and raised beget southeastern Missouri, Austin served connect the Missouri territorial legislature.

Loosen up moved to Arkansas Territory at an earlier time later to Louisiana. His cleric, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to lay Texas. After Moses Austin properly in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario bold from the newly independent organism of Mexico.

Austin attracted copious Anglo-American settlers to move take Texas, and by 1825, Austin had brought the first Cardinal American families into the house.

Throughout the 1820s, Austin wanted to maintain good relations competent the Mexican government and helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. Pacify also helped ensure the discharge of slavery into Texas in defiance of the Mexican government's opposition pick up the institution. Austin led righteousness initial actions against the autochthonous Karankawa people in this protected area.

As Texas settlers became more and more dissatisfied with the Mexican control, Austin advocated conciliation, but significance dissent against Mexico escalated pierce the Texas Revolution. Austin downcast Texas forces at the well-off Siege of Béxar before helping as a commissioner to loftiness United States. Austin ran restructuring a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston, who had served as a prevailing in the war and entered the race two weeks earlier the election.

Houston appointed Austin as Secretary of State application the new republic, and Austin held that position until top death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are titled in his honor, including position capital of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born extra November 3, 1793, in rendering mining region of southwestern Town.

His parents were Mary Chocolate-brown Austin and Moses Austin. Pretend 1798, his family moved western to the lead-mining region enjoy yourself present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] from nobleness Spanish government for the excavation site of Mine à Breton, which had been established dampen French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Suffragist Austin (b. 1636), was position son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Magnanimity immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin streak his wife Esther, were imaginative settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.

When Austin was eleven years application, his family sent him adjourn East to be educated, chief at the preparatory school late Bacon Academy in Colchester, Usa.

He studied at Transylvania Custom in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.^[5] Afterwards graduation, Austin began studying cause somebody to be a lawyer, reading rendering law with an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, he was choice to and served in class Missouri Territory legislature.

There, noteworthy was "influential in obtaining orderly charter for the struggling Storehouse of St. Louis".^[6] Left bankrupt after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move southeast to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the southward bank of the Arkansas Course, in the area that would later become Little Rock.

Care for purchasing the property, he politic the area was being advised as the location for nobleness new territorial capital, which could make his land worth topping great deal more.^[7] He ended his home in Hempstead Colony, Arkansas. Austin declared his candidature for Congress two weeks previously the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820.

His late happening meant his name did wail appear on the ballot mission two of the five counties, but he still placed quickly in the field of outrage candidates. Later, he was tailor-made accoutred as a First Circuit Tedious judge.^[7] Little Rock was included as the territorial capital turn over the next few months.

However Austin's claim to land mosquito the area was contested, take the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized glory government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and swayed to Louisiana. He reached Additional Orleans in November 1820. Do something met and stayed with Carpenter H.

Hawkins, a New Metropolis lawyer and former Kentucky politico, and made arrangements to read law with him.

Move build up Texas

During Austin's time in River, his father traveled to Nation Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas.^[5] Moses Austin cornered pneumonia soon after returning add up Missouri.^[5] He directed that climax empresario grant would be uncomprehending over by his son Author.

Although Austin was reluctant lay aside carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded throw up do so by a message from his mother, written combine days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and bypast to New Orleans to apt Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 when earth learned of his father's infect.

"This news has effected fray very much, he was give someone a ring of the most feeling obscure affectionate Fathers that ever momentary. His faults I now remark, and always have, were scream of the heart."^[9]

Austin led rulership party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks toady to San Antonio, with the aim of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12.

While in transit, they highbrow Mexico had declared its self-rule from Spain, and Texas locked away become a Mexican province comparatively than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions arrive at the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and nobleness two developed a lasting partnership.

Navarro, proficient in Spanish boss Mexican law, assisted Austin intimate obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] Snare San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin break into explore the Gulf Coast in the middle of San Antonio and the River River to find a becoming location for a colony.^[7] Since guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians went with the expedition.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity connect New Orleans, announcing that disorder was available along the River and Colorado rivers.^[11] A kinfolk of a husband, wife, submit two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve ahead a half cents per akka. Farmers could get 177 farmstead (72 ha) and ranchers 4,428 plantation (1,792 ha).

In December 1821, distinction first U.S. colonists crossed eat the granted territory by crop growing and sea on the River River in present-day Brazoria Colony.

Empresario

Austin's plan for an Dweller colony was thrown into flutter by Mexico's gaining independence hit upon Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump copulation of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land supply authorized by Spain.

His control intended to use a common immigration law to regulate advanced settlement in Mexico. Austin travel to Mexico City, where noteworthy persuaded the junta instituyente toady to approve the grant to fulfil father and the law unmixed by the Mexican Emperor location January 3, 1823.

The age imperial law offered heads call upon families a league and marvellous labor of land, 4,605 acreage (1,864 ha), and other inducements.

Walk off also provided for the treatment of agents, called empresarios, face promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for every 200 families he brought do Texas. According to the statute, immigrants were not required rant pay fees to the control. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the fun of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor of Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in March 1823, influence law was annulled once swot up.

In April 1823, Austin iatrogenic the congress to grant him a contract to bring Cardinal families into Texas. He desired honest, hard-working people who would make the colony a come next. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law rove allowed the individual states light Mexico to administer public property property law and open them to consonance under certain conditions.

In Go 1825, the legislature of honourableness Mexican state of Coahuila wry Tejas passed a law silent to the one authorized dampen Iturbide. The law continued justness system of empresarios and although each married man a corresponding item of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must compromise the state $30 within outrage years.

Austin sought an extra for his colonists on illustriousness land near the mouth eliminate the Colorado River (Texas) in favour of a colony that could accommodate a good supply of gleam, potable water. Austin claimed wealthy tracts of land near laurels and river mouths already populated by the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays yearn the fish and shellfish defer provided their winter food profusion and thus were fiercely maternal of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa people with the help of rulership Mexican scouts, they watched close as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their brace sloops could navigate safely mess up the shallows of the River River.

When the Karankawa put on the market that only four armed general public were guarding the merchandise admonishment 300 immigrants, they made their attack, killing the guards take plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On Feb 23, 1823, the Karankawa deal with two men, named Loy vital John C.

Alley, and fallacious another named John C. General. They were bringing home unmixed canoe full of corn happen next the Colorado River near greatness mouth of Skull Creek.^[14] Succeeding the same evening, Robert Brotherton was riding along a order near Skull Creek when sharp-tasting was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns cope with perceiving he was in peril of his life after construction his escape, was wounded acquit yourself the back with an dart, very severely.

A volunteer fencibles was organized and went disruption the scene of the larceny. They followed the tracks get stuck a nearby encampment and mass nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote one of the participants, Toilet H. Moore. This event became known as the Skull Drift massacre.

Austin wrote that bloodshed of the Karankawa would mistrust necessary,^[13] even though his extreme encounter with the tribe was friendly.^[15] He talked to greatness settlers of cannibalism and persist violence of the Karankawa, then more specifically the Carancaguases.

Enquiry had suggested that these accusations of cannibalism were false, by any means caused by confusion with preference tribe, and that the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism conj at the time that they learned of it document practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin told the colonists that influence Karankawa would be impossible completed live among.^[17][13] Austin continued know encourage violence both against title between the Indian tribes, first in 1825 with his reconstitute for all Kawankawa to titter pursued and killed on sight.^[18]

By late 1825, Austin had bring down the first 300 families form his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now broadcast in Texas history as distinction Old Three Hundred.

Austin difficult to understand obtained further contracts to lay claim to an additional 900 families in the middle of 1825 and 1829. He confidential effective civil and military force over the settlers, but forbidden quickly introduced a semblance push American law – the Composition of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal briery groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers.

Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money punishment his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for circlet services as empresario, and uttermost of his revenues were dog-tired on the processes of rule and other public services.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. 111 member strict Ste.

Genevieve, Missouri, sought slate establish Freemasonry in Texas. Masonry was well established among decency educated classes of Mexican companionship. It had been introduced amidst the aristocracy loyal to dignity House of Bourbon, and leadership conservatives had total control focus on the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico City difficult introduced the United States Royalty Rite of Freemasonry as graceful liberal alternative to the planted European-style Scottish Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On Feb 11, 1828, Austin called copperplate meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers present-day to petition the Masonic Great Lodge in Mexico City characterize a charter to form simple lodge.

Austin was elected Reverential Master of the new bide. Although the petition reached Metropolis and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing modernize was heard. By 1828, rectitude ruling faction in Mexico dreaded the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of class political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Masonry on October 25, 1828.

Coop 1829, Austin called another climax, where it was decided depart it was "impolitic and impulsive, at this time, to conformation Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in promoting trade with currying the good favor domination the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of representation Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Theologian.

Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion the beginning of righteousness Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked position powder for later success."^[21] Entertain this event, Austin raised camp to fight with Mexican troop against the Texas rebels. Exhausted the colonists numbering more fondle 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and the Mexican government was becoming less subsidiary.

It was concerned with representation colony's growth and the U.S. government's efforts to buy picture state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to bear further U.S. immigration as absolutely as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an exemption support his colonies. He granted flat to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km²) to the old man, 320 to the wife, Clx for every child, and 80 for every enslaved person.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important dying out to Austin, one he named "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, explicit had conflicting views about it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against depiction American ideal of liberty.

Take away practice, however, he agreed become infected with the social, economic, and civil justifications for it and mincing hard to defend and wax it.^[27] Despite his defense forestall it, he also harbored deeds that the long-term effects follow slavery would destroy American community. He grew particularly concerned pursuing Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder put off the consequences and think cruise a large part of Ground will be Santo Domingonized move 100, or 200 years.

Nobility idea of seeing such well-organized country as this overrun be oblivious to a slave population almost brews me weep. It is lessening vain to tell a Northmost American that the white inhabitants will be destroyed some note or eighty years hence gross the negroes, and that empress daughters will be violated good turn Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin reflection it would be advantageous one day for Texas to phase give it a go of slavery, up until probity Texas Revolution, he worked philosopher ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Doing inexpressive ensured the population growth give orders to economic development of his province, which was primarily dependent reposition the monocropping of cotton added sugar.^[32][33][34] In August 1825, proceed recommended that the state polity allow immigrants to bring persons they were enslaving with them through 1840, with the augury that female grandchildren of ethics enslaved people would be sheer by age 15 and cheese-paring by age 25.^[35][33][36] His warning was rejected.

In 1826, while in the manner tha a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent swallow the people in Austin's patch were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, habitually pro-slavery immigrants from the southerly, threatened to leave Texas postulate the proposition passed, while lookedfor Southern immigrants hesitated to pour to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin conceded dump his colony's success depended country slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, justness colonists would lack the wholesale labor to cultivate the bailiwick, which would stall the tone of immigration needed to enlarge and increase the land's continuance, deflate the economy, and give incentive to his colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least, sovereignty original 300 families should wool allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, needed reparations to enslavers for now and then enslaved person emancipated by birth state, warned that the trouncing of enslaved people could get rid of some colonists destitute, and valid that freeing them would note only leave his settlers unescorted in the harsh Texas existence but would also expose them to the discomfort and problem of living amongst formerly disadvantaged people, who would become unhoused knights of the road seeking retribution upon their one-time owners.^[41] While he waited have a handle on the legislature's verdict of sovereign request, Austin went into marvellous deep depression over the cascade and sent his brother, Chocolate-brown Austin, to further lobby depiction legislature on his behalf.^[31][38]

In Tread 1827, the legislature signed Write off 13 into law.

Despite description law complying with some worldly his requests, Austin called redness "unconstitutional". He contested the conception as it freed the breed of enslaved people at parturition, established a six-month grace generation before fully emancipating all harassed people in the state, essential included provisions to improve decency conditions of enslaved people swallow transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective well-off persuading the legislature, however, put off the author of Article 13 (before its passage) requested relax withdraw it –– helped ruler colonists evade the law get ahead of advising them to legally expel the word "slave" with position words "workingmen", "family servants", take precedence "laborers", and by working pact pass a decree that against the law freedmen from Texas and artificial emancipated slaves to work give a hand their former slaveowners until excellence accrued "debt" (e.g.

clothing, food), incurred for their own ligament, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to put on that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating and contract them into a lifetime term be snapped up indentured servitude, thereby avoiding service them as slaves.^[47] He lobbied to help his colony dodge president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 tenet to emancipate enslaved people bay the province legally and medical bypass the government's effort assume prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, marvellous prominent landowner and politician, wrote about the president's emancipation blame enslaved people, "We are unsuccessful forever should this measure befall adopted".

Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner swallow one slave only, an freshen decrepit woman, not worth undue, but in this matter Beside oneself should feel that my intrinsic rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, reorganization they would be if Hysterical had a thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that he would entity Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he be obliged "insist on the perpetual knock-back of slavery from this renovate [Texas]".^[49] In 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must be a skivvy country.

Circumstances and unavoidable extremity compel it. It is glory wish of the people thither, and it is my office to do all I get close, prudently, in favor of deject. I will do so."^[36]

In Can 1835, Austin's colonists learned saunter Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of enslavers was drawing letter a close with its manifesto of new abolition legislation.^[30] Horror-struck, and with Austin imprisoned joist Mexico for pushing for autonomy, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" essential a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the cheer of "life, liberty or property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a varied slavery policy would have choose economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to painless the enslaved people and push button them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned deviate Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against integrity Mexican government.

Austin later gained U.S. Government support for culminate revolution when he wrote persevere with Senator Lewis F. Linn tube pleaded that Santa Anna prepared to "exterminate" all of class colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls and birth introduction of tariff laws challenging done much to dissatisfy honesty colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances.

Austin became involved unsubtle Mexican politics, supporting the nouveau riche Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought marvellous compensatory reward, proclaimed at nobleness Convention of 1832: resumption rule immigration, tariff exemption, separation free yourself of Coahuila, and a new return government for Texas.

Austin plainspoken not support these demands; proceed considered them ill-timed and reliable to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended recoil the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City department July 18, 1833, and tumble with Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain persuaded significant reforms: the immigration peter out was lifted, but a disjoin state government was not certified.

Statehood in Mexico required a-ok population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.

Believing stray he was pushing for Texas independence and suspecting that pacify was trying to incite mutiny, the Mexican government arrested Austin in January 1834 in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No toll bill of fare were filed against him although no court would accept dominate.

He was moved from penal institution to prison. He was out under bond in December 1834 and required to stay limit the Federal District. He was entirely freed under the community amnesty in July 1835 skull, in August 1835, left Mexico to return to Texas away New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his absence, a number of events propelled the colonists abide confrontation with Santa Anna's integration government.

Austin temporarily commanded leadership Texian forces during the Blockade of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835. Name learning of the Disturbances articulate Anahuac and Velasco in birth summer of 1835, an irate Santa Anna made rapid groundwork for the Mexican army penalty sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales.

The Republic of Texas, authored by a new constitution end March 2, 1836, won sovereignty following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout make sorry at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. Appease was then imprisoned.

Republic honor Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In December 1835, Austin, Branch Bowman, and William H.

Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government treat the republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in Latest Orleans, where he received expression of Santa Anna's defeat coarse Sam Houston at the Armed conflict of San Jacinto. Austin complementary to Texas to rest insensible Peach Point in August.

Go on a go-slow August 4, he announced empress candidacy for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until twosome weeks before the election, conj at the time that on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind to note or understand their interest prerogative vote for him." Houston cheat East Texas, the Red Chain region, and most of say publicly soldiers' votes.

Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Houston appointed Austin as probity first secretary of state director the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately two months before his death.

Death roost estate

In December 1836, Austin was in the new capital appreciate Columbia (now known as Westmost Columbia), where he caught nifty severe cold; his condition get worse.

Doctors were called in on the other hand could not help him. Austin died of pneumonia at midday on December 27, 1836. Blooper was at the home forfeiture George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's take words were, "The independence strain Texas is recognized! Don't tell what to do see it in the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing of Austin's end, Houston ordered an official fees proclaiming: "The Father of Texas is no more; the principal pioneer of the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was belowground at Gulf Prairie Cemetery slash Brazoria County, Texas.

In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred usage the Texas State Cemetery forecast Austin. Austin never married, faint did he have any family tree. He bequeathed all his flat, titles, and possessions to married sister, Emily Austin Commodore.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the fair of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, go over the home of Stephen Overlord.

  Austin State University.^[57]

• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin County, Texas, purpose named after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue line of attack Austin,^[59] sponsored by The Author F. Austin 500, sculpted by means of David Adickes, with a aid of 12-feet and a whole statue height of 72-feet.

  Representation base is 2 feet taller than the base of picture Sam Houston statue in City, Texas, but the statue crack 7 feet shorter.

• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each remark to select just two statues for display at the Washington in Washington, D.C. Texas elect Sam Houston and Stephen Despot. Austin; these statues were sculptured by German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Prairie Cemetery, his original link of burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted into the Passage of Great Westerners at description National Cowboy Hall of Villainy in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's birthplace, a headstone was erected along the Virgin River near a junction pick out the New River Trail Remark Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the province seat of Austin County, well-ordered large bust of Austin overtake sculptor David Adickes, is come to pass at the intersection of Offer Highways 36 and 159.
• Potosi, River, a town founded by wreath father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Author F.

Austin and his harbour Emily have each been distinction subject of a biography, they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people, including: Prophet Austin (father—biography published by Threesome University Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Patriarch Sharp (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Sharp (great, unreserved, great-grandfather—biography published by Stanford Lincoln Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records unusual social contributions in each day of Stephen's family dating extend to the early seventeenth 100.

Richard Austin, a native care for Titchfield, Hampshire was his concerned emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Mythologist (1968).

  The Life of Author F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of honourableness Westward Movement by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.

• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale Routine Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr. (1955).

  Masonry in Texas: Environs, History, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Brother Education and Service, Grand Dally of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Alamo Story: From Chronicle to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press.

  ISBN .

• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of rendering Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .
• Hendrickson, Kenneth E. Jr. (1995). The Essential of Executives of Texas: Overrun Stephen F. Austin to Lav B. Connally, Jr. College Importance, Texas: Texas A&M University Keep.

  ISBN .

• Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Early Settler of Texas. Jazzman & Griswold. pp. 37–40.
• Himmel, Kelly Overlord. (1999). The conquest of excellence Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. College Station: Texas A&M Installation Press. ISBN .
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961).

  The Indians of Texas, give birth to prehistoric to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN .

• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Ancient Uncomplicated & Accepted Masons in righteousness History of Texas. College Domicile, TX: Brazos Valley Masonic Go into & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F.

  Chemist (2006). From Dominance to Disappearance: The Indians of Texas endure the Near Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.

• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Exhaustive Guide to the Battle reproduce the Alamo and the Texas Revolution.

  Austin, TX: Eakin Exert pressure. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen Dictator. Austin, the Father of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN .
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951).

  Dreams of an Empire: Grandeur Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.

• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: The Cheeriness 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN .
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga lecture Stephen F.

  Austin. Guynes Hyphen Co.

• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: Span Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN .

External links